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The primary ingredient found in most disinfectants is typically alcohol or quaternary ammonium compounds. These ingredients are favored in disinfectant formulations due to their effectiveness against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Alcohol, such as isopropyl or ethyl alcohol, works by denaturing proteins and disrupting cellular membranes, leading to the destruction of microorganisms. Quaternary ammonium compounds, often referred to as "quats," also provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and are popular due to their residual effect on surfaces, meaning they can continue to kill pathogens for a certain period after application.

While hydrogen peroxide, chlorine bleach, and liquid soap each have their uses in maintaining hygiene, especially in specific contexts, they are not the primary active ingredients in most general disinfectants. Hydrogen peroxide is known for its effectiveness as a disinfectant but is primarily used in specialized settings. Chlorine bleach is also a powerful disinfectant, particularly for killing bacteria and viruses, but it is often used in diluted forms for cleaning rather than as a standard disinfectant in everyday products. Liquid soap is essential for cleaning skin and removing dirt and pathogens but does not have the same concentrated disinfectant properties that alcohol or quaternary ammonium compounds offer.